1.定语从句。英语高手速来! i need your help!!

2.给我几个定语从句,要说明谁是主干,句子的意思,并说一下翻译这种句的技巧

3.定语从句中,一个翻译技巧的问题。请教高手。

4.定语从句翻译法

5.口译笔译技巧:英译汉巧译定语

6.定语从句的后置翻译法讲解

英语句子定语从句专项翻译训练技巧_英语句子定语从句专项翻译训练技巧

1. 翻译:He is/was playing the piano music which/that we all like listening to.

或:He is/was playing the piano music we all like listening to.

或:He is/was playing the piano music to which we all like listening.

另:we all也可以换写成all of us;like listening可以换写成like to listen.

2. piano music的中心词是music,所以它也是不可数名词。

3. to必须要加。

因为that = the piano music,而且它在定语从句中充当listen to的宾语。listen是不及物动词,不能直接加the piano music做宾语。

即定语从句可以改写为:

that we all like to listen to

= we all like to listen to that

= we all like to listen to the piano music

定语从句。英语高手速来! i need your help!!

英语翻译第一步要保证大的结构调整好,句序结构是基础。

1、状语从句调整:挑出主干部分

(1)、澳门,南海之滨一颗闪耀的明珠,以她的风、沧桑和辉煌,更以1999年12月20日这个不同寻常的日子,吸引着全世界的目光。

A shining pearl on the coast of South China, Macao attracts the world’s attention for her charm, history of great events and glory, especially for the unusual date of December 20, 1999.

South China Sea 表示中国南海,不是“南中国海”

East China Sea 东海

(2)、This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.(横线表示状语)

通过支持某些与当前目标无关、但是在将来可能很重要的研究,一般情况下似乎可以有效的做到这一点。

immediate与in the future相对,表示当前

of possible=possibly

mostly表示在一般情况下

(3)、For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might he been had he grown up under more forable circumstances. (横线表示状语)

例如,他们不能弥补明显的社会不公,因此也就不能说明,如果一个贫穷的年轻人在更为有利的环境下成长的话,他可能会有多大才干。

说明:1、underprivileged字面意思表示特权不足的(委婉语),翻译时an underprivileged youngster与he位置调换,英语提到人名出现在句子主干中,而汉语则出现在第一次提到的地方。

2、“ster”加在单词后面表示什么样的人,如:gang表示帮派,gangster表示匪帮;spin表示旋转,spinster表示老处女。

3、gross形容不好的意思,表示昭然若揭,非常明显的

小贴士:1、翻译时遇到不认识的词,怎么办?

从词性上说,只有名词、动词、形容词、副词四类不认识

形容词、副词不认识,建议省略,错译原比漏译扎眼

名词、动词不认识,则难以处理

2、关于单词的见解

单词主要记general word,中高级口译不会考过于专业的东西,主要考常识性内容,不建议背专项单词。推荐用书《time 单挑》,刘毅《单词5000》,《上海新东方学校中高级口译词汇必备》、《上海新东方学校中高级口译笔试备考精要》

3、记忆单词分长期记忆和短期记忆

通过记词根和大量阅读,能够帮助大家长期记忆

2、定语从句调整

英译汉时,定语无非前置和后置,变成形容词性词或单成一句。

(1)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

两个从句:which和that引导

译文:社会科学是知识探索一个分支,它力求用理智的、有序的、系统的、冷静的方法研究人类和他们的种种行为,这种方式正是自然科学家用来研究自然现象的。

说明:1、译文中“正是”一词来源于“the same”

2、reason作为动词,表示推理

(2) “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”

两个定语从句:as we call it 放在先行词the scientific revolution之前翻译

that expanded…… 分译

contends:如果不认识,可以翻译成“说”,因为前后都有引号

译文:新学派的一位***认为:“简而言之,我们所谓的科技革命,在很大程度上是指一系列工具的改进、发明和使用,这些改进、发明和使用在各个方面都拓展了科学范围”。

“名词+介词+名词+定语从句”:定语从句99%用来修饰第一个名词”

注意:

1、定语从句的翻译方法

(1)合译:把定语从句放到被修饰词之前

(2)分译:定语从句单成一句,先行词重复一下

2、定语从句先行词判断方法(并非100%适用)

(1)、He opposed some proposals for opening the economy, like starting a stock market, that were embraced only after he lost power.

先找名词,再根据定语从句的谓语动词的单复数判断先行词的单复数,则先行词为“proposals”

译文:他反对某些开放经济的提议,如创建股票市场,这些提议只有在他下台之后,才被人们所接受。

(2)、It assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not he.

根据定语从句谓语动词单复数,易于判断which引导的从句用语修饰account,此处account表示讲述、评论。

译文:他定人们对有一个统一的看法,而这种看法根本就不存在。

(3)、这所大学的任务是培养德智体全面发展,能熟练运用外语从事外事和文化交流工作的合格人才。

翻译时先找主干:这所大学的任务是培养人才(The university aims to turn out qualified graduates )。

译文:The university aims to turn out qualified graduates that are all-roundly/well developed in morality, intellect and physique, and that are able to use proficiently foreign languages in foreign affairs and cultural exchanges.

翻译词要根据具体情况,如“文明”一词,文明小区“model”;讲文明“politesse, manners”;

(4)汉语中的题型“……是……”

两种方法:“……,which……”或“it is……”

谋求和平与发展、加强对话与合作,是各国人民的普遍愿望。

It is the universal wish of all the nations to achieve peace and development and strengthen dialogues and cooperations.

巩固与东盟面向和平与繁荣的战略伙伴关系,推进互利互惠的全方位合作,是中国将长期坚持的基本外交政策。

China shall consolidate its strategic partnership with the ASEAN in the direction of peace and prosperity, and promote mutually benefiting cooperation in an all-round manner, which is China’s long-term and basic foreign policy.

给我几个定语从句,要说明谁是主干,句子的意思,并说一下翻译这种句的技巧

1、第一题先判断句子的性质是定语从句,先行词是“food”,这是物;引导词要代替先行词在定语从句中充当“eat”的宾语。能代替一个表示事物的先行词在定语从句中充当宾语的引导词有“that” 和“which”。这里要注意的是,若引导词在从句中充当的是及物动词的宾语,则这个引导词一般情况是可以省略的。所以此处省略引导词直接填“we eat”也是正确的。整个句子可以这样翻译:我们吃的几乎所有食物都来自动物和植物。

备注::我有整理一份关于从句引导词用法的文档,弄懂了引导词的用法,从句关就过了一半了。如果有需要的话可以问我要。

2、整个句子可以这样翻译“我买了一些书,但是没有一本好看的”。本来买书就是因为想看,句中“but”一词表示转折之意,即现在的情况跟预期的不一致。所以是说书不好看。因为书有好几本,所以是三者或三者以上的全部否定,只能用none表达这种意思。

建议:可以了解一下each、every、both、neither、either和none的用法区分,字数有限就不详细说明了。

3、这是定语从句的一个常考点,你只需要记住一句话:当先行词是“way”(方式。办法)时,定语从句的引导词位置可以有三种处理方式:“that”/“which”/省略不填

4、这题就是我第二题的建议涉及的知识点。“他有两个儿子,他们都是大学生”。这里的后半句是肯定句,前面“two sons”说明是两个人。表示两者中的全部肯定是用“both”的。扩展:如果是两者之间的全部否定就用neither。

另外前一个句子有两个主谓结构,就说明有一个是从句,所以需要引导词。这里是个主语从句,从句中缺宾语。能够指人,又充当介词后面的宾语的引导词就只有whom

后一个句子不一样,因为两个主谓结构之间用了and这个连词,所以变成了并列句,不需要引导词,所以可以用them。

5、这两个都是定语从句。主要还是考引导词的用法。

前一个句子的从句是“________is in the north of the city.”缺少一个主语,也就是说,引导词要代替先行词room在从句中充当主语。符合这样的条件的有“which”或是“that”

后一个句子的从句是“_______there is a beautiful table.”这个句子不看横线处也是完整的,所以不可能是缺主、宾、表这些重要成分,唯一的可能就是缺一个状语。由于前面的先行词room是个地点名词,所以我们就选择可以充当地点状语的关系副词where来引导。当然也可以用“in which”代替“where”(有的时候,介词+关系代词=关系副词)

定语从句中,一个翻译技巧的问题。请教高手。

一.定语从句及相关术语

1.定语从句:修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词

关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等;关系副词有where, when,

why等。

关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。

二.关系代词引导的定语从句

1.who指人,在从句中做主语

(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

2. whom指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。

(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.

(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.

注意:关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替,可省略。

(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.

3. which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略

(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

4. that指人时,相当于who或者whom;指物时,相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。

(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year

rises one million.

(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

5. whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语

(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.

whose指物时,常用以下结构来代替

(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导

(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.

(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.

(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.

(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we he often

talked about.

(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we he often talked.

注意:1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:look for, look after, take care of等

(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)

(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)

2. 若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose

(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)

(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)

(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)

(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)

3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each,

few等代词或者数词

(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

(2) In the basket there are quite many les, some of which he gone

bad.

(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from

big cities.

四.关系副词引导的定语从句

1. when指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语

(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

(2) The time when we got together finally came.

2. where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语

(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.

(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

3. why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语

(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhy today.

注意:关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,

(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know

what he wanted when he grew up.

(3) Great changes he taken place in the city in which./where I was

born.

定语从句翻译法

从句的先行词指的就是主句的主语 翻译时出现主语就行了

定语从句就起一个修饰主语的作用

翻译时要把它翻译成主语的定语 所以没有必要出现先行词

你想的是对的

口译笔译技巧:英译汉巧译定语

长句所以长,定语从句帮了不少忙

最难处理的原因:

1.汉英两种语言中作为修饰成分的定语位置截然相反,汉语的一般在前,英语的一般在后

2.汉语的定语一般只起修饰和限定的作用,而英语的定语从句则作用广泛,除修饰和限定的作用外,还具有类似状语从句的功能。

这种方法通常用于相对比较简单,在逻辑上有明确的限定作用的定语从句而言的。

翻译时按照汉语的习惯加个“的”字

后置法通常用于比较长,结构比较复杂的定语从句,这种定语从句的意思常常具有独立性,在逻辑上还有其他的补充说明的作用

将定语从句译为并列的分句

例:Copper prices, which reached record highs lastweek, fell back yersterday after China's State Reserve Bureau failed to sell all of the metal it put up for auction this week.

译文:铜价在上周创下历史新高,但中国国家物资储备局本周拿出拍卖的铜未能全部售出导致铜价昨天回挫。

英语中表示状语性质的定语,往往具有谓语的特点,翻译时难以保留原来的定语形式,一般可转化为表目的,原因,结果等的状语,从而加强逻辑的严密性。有时也要适当调整语序。

例1: He wants to write an article, which will attract public attention to the air pollution in this city.

译文:他想写一篇文章,用来引起公众对该城市空气污染的关注。

(这里的定从是用来表示主句中某一动作或状态发生的目的和动机,其含义相当于由in order that引导的目的状语从句,修饰主句中的谓语动词,这类定语从句可以转换为目的状语从句)

例2: The thief, who was about to escape, was caught by the policemen.

译文: 小偷正要逃跑时,被警察抓住了。

(从句和主句的动作几乎同时发生,其含义相当于连词when,while或as引导的时间状语从句,在翻译时往往加上相应的连词“当...的时候”)

例3: How can anyone hope to be a qualified teacher, who doesn't know what the students are thinking and demanding?

译文: 一个人如果不知道他的学生在想什么,需要什么,怎么能指望自己成为一个合格的教师呢?

(这里从句所表示的是主句中某一动作或状态是在某一条件下产生的,其作用相当于连词if引导的条件状语从句,修饰主句中的谓语动词。在翻译时往往要加上“如果”等词)

定语从句的后置翻译法讲解

我在审订译稿的时候发现,许多句子的译文不顺,究其原因,往往是定语没有处理好。在英语里,可以用作定语的成分很多。单词、从句、分词短语、介词短语、动词不定式,都可用作定语。单词作定语一般放在被修饰语前面,其他定语一般放在后面。汉语里,定语一般放在被修饰语前面。因此翻译时若把定语仍译成定语,而且仍放在前面,译文当然就不顺了。

定语如果不译成定语,又能译成什么呢?

关于定语从句的译法,已经看到不少文章。各种教程和专著中也有专门的章节加以论述。这里只举两个例子。

例1 the police are concerned for the safety of the 12-year-old boy who has been missing for three days.

那个12岁的男孩失踪三天了,警方对他的安全感到担忧。

例2 each of london?s districts had a distinct character that marked it off from its neighbours.

伦敦的每个区都有鲜明的特征,与邻近地区不同。

例1的译文用了两个主谓结构,也可以说是两个并列短句。若译作?警方对那个已失踪三天的12岁男孩的安全感到担忧?,异文就因定语太长而不顺了。例2的译文用了一个主语带两个并列的谓语。总之,这两个例子,原文都是主从结构,而译文都是并列结构。这也正是英汉两种语言在句子结构方面最大的区别。

例3 police investigating the train derailment he not ruled out sabotage.

警方调查火车出轨,没有排除人为破坏的可能。

例4 any event attended by the actor received widespread media coverage.

这位演员参加任何一项活动,媒体都作了广泛报道。

例3和例4,原文各有一个分词短语*作定语:investigating?和attended by ?。例3的译文用了一个主语带两个并列谓语,例4的译文用了两个主谓结构,这和上回所说的定语从句的译法是完全一样的。译文中没有出现?调查火车出轨的警方?之类的话。

例5 he was the only one to speak out against the decision.

只有他站出来反对那项决定。

例6 he had long coveted the chance to work with a famous musician.

他长期渴望有机会与著名音乐家一起工作。

例5和例6,原文各有一个动词不定式短语作定语:to speak out ? 和 to work with ?。例5 的译文直接把定语变成了谓语。例6的译文用了一个?连动式?(参看胡裕树《现代汉语》第363页),把原文动词不定式短语化作?连动谓语?的一部分。这样处理,译文比较简洁。我们设想一下,如例5保持原文的结构,译为:?他是唯一一个站出来反对那项决定的人?,一个17个字的句子里,定语竟占了14个字,是不是显得长了一点?

例7 the cut in interest rates is good news for homeowners.

降低利率对于私房买主来说是个福音。

例8 i admire her coolness under pressure.

我佩服她在压力下能保持冷静。

例7和例8,原文各有一个介词短语作定语:in interest rates 和 under pressure。译文没有按原文的结构,译作?利率的降低?和?在压力下的冷静?,而是加了动词,译为?降低利率?和?在压力下能保持冷静?。我感觉,相对而言,英语名词用的多,汉语动词用的多。英语里常见一个句子只有一个谓语动词,剩下一大堆名词,用介词串连起来。这种句子译成汉语时,往往需要增加一些动词,这样才能使译文顺畅。

最后谈一谈单词作定语的问题。有人可能觉得,遇到单词作定语时,主要是个选词问题,只要选一个适当的词放在那里就行了。在有些情况下,也的确是这样,但有时也不这么简单。

例9 loose clothing gives you greater freedom of movement.

衣服宽松,可以活动自如。

例10 i don?t want you mucking up my nice clean floor.

我这地板又干净,又漂亮,不想让你弄脏。

这两句译文都把定语变成了谓语,句子中间有停顿,听起来从容、自然。若照原文的结构,译成?宽松的衣服使你活动起来更为自在?和?我不想让你弄脏我干净漂亮的地板?,倒显得过于拘谨了。

 例11 a few cushions formed a makeshift bed.

临时用几个垫子拼了一张床。

例12 his mere presence made her feel afraid.

他当时在场,这就足以让她害怕了。

这两句译文都把定语变成了状语,这也是翻译过程中常用的一种方法。汉语总说?拼了一张临时床?,听起来很怪,那就不如说?临时?拼了一张床?了。mere是用来加强语气的,但mere presense 在汉语里很难找到相应的搭配,只好在后半句用?足以?来加强语气了。

例13 with a few notable exceptions, everyone ge something.

都给了些东西,只有几个人例外,很是显眼。

例14 it?s been a nail-biting couple of weeks waiting for my results.

这两个星期等结果,弄得我坐卧不安。

这两句译文都把定语放到句子末尾来处理。notable和nail-biting在原来的位置上是很难译的,那就最后来处理吧。在汉语句子里,往往先说具体的事情,最后才评论、表态,或说出自己的感受。

定语是一种修饰语,状语也是一种修饰语,和定语有相似之处,这里就不多说了,请读者自己去琢磨。

在英译汉方面,除了理解问题外,我集中谈了一个定语问题。这是因为我在审订译稿的过程中发现,许多句子问题就在于定语没有处理好,或者放大一点说,修饰语没有处理好。因此,把修饰语处理好,译文的质量就能提高一大步。不知你有没有同感。

 一、初识后置译法

 英语中很多定语从句都是为了连接两个具有共同名词的句子而存在的,因此在翻译时最好分为两个分句。而对于起限定作用的定语从句,如果结构较为复杂,句子太长,无法译成前置定语,最好就是译成一个后置的并列分句,这样会更合乎汉语的习惯。

 例

 Our war against terror is a contest of will in which perseverance is power.

 我们的反恐战争是一场意志力的较量。在这场较量中,不屈不挠的精神就是力量。

 I propose to offer a theory which , as far as I am aware , has not previously been set forth , that only those animals capable of speech are capable of laughter , and that therefore man, being the only animal that speaks , is the only animal that laughs.

 我试图提出一种理论,这种理论就我所知,还未曾有人提出过,那就是:只有能说话的动物才会笑。人是唯一能说话的动物,所以也是唯一会笑的动物。

 二、后置翻译的方法

 1.后置译法一

 结构较为复杂的定语从句,经常翻译为后置的并列分句,在多数情况下要重点的翻译先行词,当句子不长时,出于某种原因需要强调先行词时,也需要重译先行词。

 例

 Two factors are particularly important in the history of inventions .One is the part played by inspiration , which can be far more vital than that of careful research.

 在发明史上有两个因素特别重要。其一是灵感的作用,这可能比苦心钻研的作用要重要的多。

 Days and nights are very long on the moon , where one day is as long as two weeks on the earth.

 在月亮上,白天和黑天都相当长,月亮上的一天等于地球上的两周。

 2.后置译法二

 有些定语从句汉译时翻译成后置成分,但不可重译先行词,译文仍然符合汉语习惯。

 I was contemptuously dismissed as a novice who had not read the great first volume of Marx’s Capital.

 他们轻蔑地说我是个新手,连马克思的《资本论》第一卷这部重要著作也没读过。

 Both picnics and barbeques are friendly , informal social events that offer an opportunity to enjoy a meal outside in pleasant surroundings.

 野餐和烧烤都是友情洋溢、不拘礼节的社交活动,可以让大家在户外一个怡情的环境里高高兴兴地美餐一顿。

 拓展

 所谓复杂的定语从句,是指一个句子带有两个或两个以上定语从句的结构。这类定语从句在结构上与先行词的关系比较复杂,有如下几种形式:

 1.自由式定语从句

 自由式定语从句是指一个句子中两个或两个以上不同成分带定语从句的情况。这种从句的先行词没有固定模式,在句中充当不同的句子成分,故该结构中的定语从句称为自由式定语从句。它们拆开来看,其实就是一个一个简单的定语从句,因此,其翻译也和简单的定语从句相同。

 如:

 Thus the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs, which had moved the capital from Medine to Damascus in 661, came to be regarded with much justification as a parasitic clique that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests were completed.

 人们开始理由充分地认为,阿拉伯伍麦叶里发王朝是征服战争完成后毫无作用的一个寄生集团;伍麦叶王朝曾于661年从麦地那迁都大马士革。

 该句中由which和that 引出两个定语从句,分别修饰做主语用的the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs 和作宾语用的 a parasitic clique,翻译时一个被译成并列句,一个被译成定语。

 2.嵌套式定语从句

 嵌套式定语从句是指一个句子中定语从句套定语从句的情况。这种结构中的定语从句其实和自由式定语从句基本相似,拆开来也是一个独立的定语从句,只不过一个定语从句在另一个定语从句之中而已。因此,其翻译也与简单的定语从句相同。这里也仅举一例加以说明:

 一主二仆式定语从句是指一个先行词带有两个或两个以上定语从句的'情况。该结构中的定语从句比较规范,均修饰一个先行词,在翻译时,虽然也遵循一般定语从句的翻译技巧和方法,但还有其独特的地方。归纳起来,有如下几种情况:

 1)译成定语 可以把两个定语从句译成并列的定语,也可译成分开的定语修饰先地词,或分别修饰重复的先行词。

 and the old ways of earning a living rivalled by new agricultural techniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strane machines that sed labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power

 古老的谋生之道正受到新的农业技术、新的贸易、新的行业的挑战;这种新贸易是与世界上一向无人知晓的地区进行的贸易,而种种新行业则是使用一些无需传统的人力畜力驱动、可节省劳动力的奇特机遇。(并列的定语)

 Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was already known to man at the dawn of history.

 近代史开始时,世界拥有的每一项重大成就,已为历史发端期的人们所知晓。(分开的定语)

 And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited ony by the Western Europeans.